Abstract... This research raises the problem of the association of many Western and American Orientalists with ideology and their quest to achieve personal ends under the pretext of spreading modernity in the Islamic world being in lack of scientific progress and technology. the Late thinker, Edward Saeed, has perceived the issue of using Orientalism by America's key orientalists to achieve personal motives by subjugating Eastern thought in general, and Islamic thought; in particular, in order to materialized their project of new world order, i.e.; the Liberalism. Edward Saeed, in his book "Orientalism"; mentioned that there is a firm connection between Orientalism and Ideology, citing, as an example; Bernard Lewis, the chairman of Association American Orientalists; who wrote many essays for 15 years, collected in a book entitled "Islam and the West" where in one of its chapters he responded to the attacks by Mr. Saeed, and other essays; who accused him in misrepresenting Islam by claiming that Muslims are discontented of Modernism. Mr. Saeed refuted Lewis' arguments by saying that Lewis resort to tautology and periphrasis that failed to conceal the ideological foundation of his stance. by the very nature of the case; these are the familiar qualities of the orientalists.
Abstract... Social service in the school field seeks to complete the school's mission in preparing students to receive educational and practical life to help them identify their preparations and capabilities with academic and professional guidance according to continuous and advanced professional processes according to the educational stages and different needs according to age, gender and talents, to contribute to the student's transition through all stages of his development in peace and availability The opportunity to invest his skills and gain experiences suitable for life.
Therefore, the researcher had to pay attention to this issue and know the lack of social workers and its reflection on their professional performance in educational institutions, because it is of particular importance to identify the lack of specialists and its impact on students in the two stages (primary / secondary).
By talking about the theoretical framework of the research, the researcher reached a set of results, which answer the research questions and achieve its objectives.
The research also reached a set of recommendations and suggestions through which the researcher sees to alert the researchers after him to pay attention to them and study them.
Abstract... This paper presents an overview of language testing in the Libyan context by providing an overview of how tests are implemented and how tests are conceived by different stakeholders including teachers, students, and parents. It also shows that tests in their present forms reflect the policy-makers’ either ignorance of or irresponsibility towards English language education. The paper illustrates how tests in this context derive from traditional paradigm of assessment, mainly influenced by the behaviourist learning theory. The sole focus in tests is measuring the sum of knowledge gained rather than students’ analytical ability or critical thinking. This, apparently, resulted in a ‘testing culture’ with a focus on preparation to tests that distort the curriculum and the education process in general. The paper attempts to provide some recommendations to change this line of thinking pervasive towards the objective of testing where tests are a means for teaching through real and serious teacher preparation and awareness raising. This should be mainly led by the education ministry through revisiting the education policy to locate learning as an objective of assessment rather than teaching as a means to preparation for tests. So, following an analytical, descriptive methodology, this paper attempts to describe the status quo of English language tests in Libya, unravel the factors that shape it and synthesise it with literature to provide a reconciliation of assessment reform and the dominant exam culture, creating a niche for this reform.
Abstract... This paper addresses language change by studying the changes that affected nominative and accusative personal pronouns and how they were transformed from their Old English forms to their new versions in Modern English. The story of every one of these pronouns is discussed in this study to investigate if the historical changes which affected them were similar or whether every single pronoun has its own story which tells different and unique historical details. The study focuses on three different explanations given for describing the diachronic changes which affected English personal pronouns; grammaticalization and sound or phonological change which are internal linguistic factors, and language contact which is an external factor in language change. The study concludes that every single pronoun has its own history and that there are no clear boundaries between the effect of grammaticalization and of phonological change and the outcomes of contact with other languages on causing changes in English personal pronouns.
Abstract... This paper dealt with the analysis of Ahmad al-Raysuni’s view of al-Shatibi’s theory on Maqasid from a critical point of view, with main focus on what al-Raysuni had neglected. The importance of the study stems from its connection with the origins and purposes of the Sharia as the basis on which Islam was built. The aim of the study is to show the methodology of al-Raysuni in his book Theory of Maqasid; its scientific value and importance in Islamic legal theory. The study was based on inductive, descriptive and analytical approaches, and reached a number of results, among which: al-Raysuni pioneered the teaching of Maqasid theory which has been based on foundational frameworks and operational procedural approaches; and deciphered the endeavors before al-Shatibi in revealing the purposes of the Sharia and showing its importance.
Abstract... This paper falls within the pragmatic approach. It deals with two Libyan novels: “A Flash in the Wall of Night” and “The Plain” by Ahmed Nasr. The aim is to present a study that clarifies the principle of relevance in the concept presented by the two critics: Dan Sperber and Deiredre Wilson. The two said novels underwent some research under different approaches from social studies, structuralism and stylistics. However, the title and other paratexts of the same have not been considered. Thus, my paper is meant to deal with the title intention and the textual utterance intention. So, the main titles can thus be studied as being representatives of the theme and the place and so can the internal titles as being clearly or unclearly representing the narrative character. The paper concluded that what the author wants to convey in the title is not that revealed by his valuation. The author does not want to merely inform as he does know that the reader will realize that from the fictional context. In fact, what the author wants to inform is not clear but he uses the clear informing to pass his implied intention.